The Roman historian Pliny wrote: "Among luxury goods it is valued so high that an amber human figurine, no matter how small, costs much more than men (slaves) in their prime".
Amber is one of the birthstones listed for the Star Sign of Taurus.
What is Amber?
We call it a gem, but it is an organic substance not a mineral.
Amber is the common name for fossil resin or tree sap that is appreciated for its inherent and interesting mixture of colors. It is widely used for the manufacture of objects of art and personal adornment.
Although not mineralized, it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. Most of the world's Amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. However, Amber deposits have been discovered that range between 360 and one million years old.
Amber began as a sticky resin that seeped from ancient forest trees. A number of objects are frequently found in amber. Among these are small insects and animals, pine needles, twigs, leaves, flowers, pollens, seeds and other material that became captured and preserved in the fresh resin. The resin then underwent a number of changes including heat, pressure, and millions of years, transforming into hard chunks of Amber.
What are “Inclusions” in Amber?
Inclusions are defined as the material that is preserved in the hardened resin. Recently in Japan, where large amounts of amber is mined, an 87-million-year-old praying mantis was found encased in amber, and may be a "missing link" from the Cretaceous period to modern-day insects.
Inclusions found in Amber:
- Microscopic organisms including bacteria
- Botanical matter such as flowers, leaves, mushrooms and twigs
- Tiny Prehistoric Insects and beetles ancient flies, bees
- The world's oldest spider web
- Organic debris such as feathers and hairs and prehistoric mammal bones
- Small animals such as spiders, scorpions and even frogs (these are rare and command premium prices)
Amber is found in many stages of transparency, which is referred to as turbidity. No two pieces of Amber are alike because of environmental factors such as what the amber adhered to on its journey. Despite having a large range of colors, the most common specimen is a cognac-colored, rich brown and semi-opaque piece, which will frequently contain inclusions.
How is Amber Used?
The most prevalent use for amber today is in the making of jewelry. Amber is easily crafted into a desired form because of its relative softness. It is also prized for this purpose due to its varied and beautiful colors. Amber is lustrous and rich when polished, making it perfect for crafting lovely one of a kind unique jewelry pieces.
Although once valued for its supernatural and divine properties in many early civilizations, Amber allows us a valuable look at the past by studying the material encased and preserved in the fossilized resin. Amber has contributed to our evolutionary and biological sciences.
Read About Synthetic and Simulant Amber Here.
How did Amber Originate?
Amber is prehistoric tree resin that has hardened. We think of it as a gem, but it is an organic substance rather than a mineral. It is believed that Amber is formed in stages over a period of over 20 million years.
The resin seeped from the tree and pooled on the ground, covering anything that it came into contact with.
Then the resin began to harden until sufficient amount of time passed, and all the oils of the resin dissipated. Amber is not a renewable source.
The History of Amber
We have traced the gathering of Amber to prehistoric times. Raw Amber, amulets, beads and ornaments have been discovered in many caves throughout Europe . The business of amber is believed to have begun around 3000BC, where evidence suggests that, during the Bonze Age, Amber trade routes began to develop.
Amber was important in many cultures all over the world. Many believed it to be a gift from the gods and that it possessed medicinal properties, making it a valued item for trade. Nowadays, Amber is prized for its sheer beauty among artisans, jewelry craftsmen, collectors and many other people all over the world.
Amber Art and Ornament - Amber Museums and Amber Links of Interest
The Lithuanian Amber Museum
Palanga, Lithuania Amber Museum
located in Palanga, is devoted to all aspects of amber and houses over 25,000 specimens (15,000 with "Jurassic insects!").
Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk
http://www.archeologia.pl/
The Amber Museum in Gdansk
http://www.mhmg.gda.pl/
The Amber Museum of Amber Inclusions
http://www.muzeum.gda.pl/
The Malbork Castle Museum
http://www.zamek.malbork.pl/
North Masovian Museum in Lomza
http://www.muzeum.4lomza.pl/
The Museum of Natural History of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN)
http://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/
The Amber Department of the Museum of the Earth Polish Academy of Sciences
http://www.mz-pan.pl/
Amber Museum Gallery
http://www.ambergallery.li/english
Skagen Amber Museum
http://www.skagenguide.dk/gb/at_mu.html
Denmark's largest collection of Baltic amber with interesting insect inclusions.
Swedish Amber Museum
http://www.brost.se/
Museum of the Earth
http://www.hermuz.hu/engweb/nws/amber1.htm
Natural Museum of Humboldt University
http://www.rz.hu-berlin.de/hub/sehensw/muse_e.html#nat
Berlin, Germany: Over 10,000-15,000 organic inclusions, plus the largest lump of amber ever found in Poland's territory (9,750 grams, found in 1890).
The British Museum
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
American Museum of Natural History,
New York, New York: Beautiful displays of minerals and gems, including amber.
Dominican Amber Museum
http://www.ambermuseum.com/
Dominican Republic.
The Amber World Museum
http://www.amberworldmuseum.com/
Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
Alfred Correya's Baltic Amber Collection
Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow.
Davainis' Amber Sculpture Museum
European Amber Road
Amber from Russian Classics
Skagen Amber Museum
Geologisk Museum
http://www.nathimus.ku.dk/geomus/
Copenhagen, Denmark
Swedish Amber Museum
http://www.brost.se
Höllviken, Sweden
The British Museum
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/
Natural Museum of Humboldt University
Berlin, Germany
Alfred Correya's Baltic Amber Collection
Dominican Republic Amber Museum.